The Chauvin trial is holding a mirror up to America’s insufficient police training

Most of the millions of people who have seen the awful video of the death of George Floyd under the knee of former Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin interpret that event as a murder. Under our democratic model of justice, validating this interpretation, even if it is held by millions, is difficult. It should be. It must be. An accused person is presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. This is foundational to a free society, and our adversarial system of trial is intended to promote the sacred presumption of innocence.

But reasonable doubt must never be exclusively the product of the deliberate distortion of fact-based truth — by either side. In the trial of Derek Chauvin, judge, attorneys and jury members need expert guidance to determine the facts and interpret their meaning. Science, applied with the observational rigor and the objectivity required by the scientific method, is essential.

On Thursday, Dr. Martin J. Tobin, a pulmonologist and critical care physician, provided the requisite rigor and objectivity, and in doing so, raised critical questions for me, a former police chief with decades of experience, about how officers entrusted with public safety do our jobs. In his sober, soft-spoken testimony, he never uttered the word murder, which, as the manner of death, is a legal determination beyond his expertise. Instead, he described the cause of death, which is the proper province of the medical scientist.

“Mr. Floyd died from a low level of oxygen, and this caused damage to his brain that we see, and it also caused a P.E.A. arrhythmia because his heart stopped.” (P.E.A. is “pulseless electrical activity”; that is, cardiac arrest.)

Dr. Tobin went on to explain that Floyd’s low level of oxygen resulted from “shallow breathing” caused by being held in a prone position, hands handcuffed behind his back, with Chauvin’s knee on his neck and back, while Floyd’s chest and face were pressed into the hard asphalt street. “It’s how the handcuffs are being held, how they’re being pushed, where they’re being pushed that totally interfere with central features of how we breathe,” the doctor continued, pointing out further that the placement of Chauvin’s knee on George Floyd’s neck and left back had the same effect as surgical removal of the left lung.

A scientist, expert in acute respiratory failure and other aspects of breathing, described the cause-and-effect chain of events quietly, calmly, dispassionately, and with clinical clarity. There were no politics, policy or bias. The truth as he offered it was disputed by the defense counsel, as is the defendant’s right and his lawyer’s duty, but Tobin’s truth resisted assault in a way that George Floyd, handcuffed, prone beneath the combined weight of three Minneapolis police officers, could not resist.

Indeed, the truth Tobin offered will likely live far beyond this trial — whatever its outcome — to drive reform of how police officers are taught to apply force. As his testimony demonstrated, it is all too easy for the legal act of arrest to become a lethal act of assault using no other weapon than a pair of handcuffs and a man’s weight concentrated under a knee. Whatever result the jury in the Floyd trial returns, the actions of former officer Chauvin have already cost the city some $27 million for a legal settlement with the Floyd family and cost us some $2 billion in property damage in Minneapolis, Seattle, New York, and elsewhere resulting from riots.

For legal, economic, public safety, moral reasons, and for the sake of procedural justice and police legitimacy, reform must and will come. Tobin’s striking testimony has strengthened my conviction that police agencies nationwide must reexamine and revise standards for police officer selection, training, and certification, including the Peace Officer Standards and Training regime (P.O.S.T.), which varies in individual states.

Agencies will need to devise a much more detailed policy on the use of force as it relates to the danger of positional asphyxiation and other forms of breathing impairment. Officers need to be instructed — preferably by physicians, like Dr. Tobin, who have special expertise in pulmonology — in the signs, symptoms and hidden dangers of respiratory distress. Along with this specific instruction, we need to impart to all officers the full implications of the concept that custody requires care. When an officer arrests a suspect, he or she takes on the responsibility for that person’s welfare.

Now that we know the truth, American policing, justice, and government cannot allow such an event, so casual yet so terrible, to occur again.