Half of new colon and rectal cancer diagnoses are now in people age 66 and younger, report finds

Colon and rectal cancer cases are on the rise in young adults, according to a new report from the American Cancer Society.

The report, published Thursday in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, found that the median age when people are diagnosed with colorectal cancer was 72 in 1989, stayed that way until the early 2000s and then fell to 66 by 2016.

In other words — ACS researchers found that half of all new diagnoses are in people 66 and younger. They found that the rate at which people are diagnosed with colorectal cancer in the United States is dropping among those 65 and older but rising in younger adults.

Scientists already knew about a rising incidence of colorectal cancer in younger age groups, “but we were surprised by how fast it is happening,” said Rebecca Siegel, study co-author and scientific director of surveillance research at the American Cancer Society in Atlanta.

“This report is very important because it not only provides a snapshot of the current colorectal cancer burden, but also a window to the future,” she said, adding that if the increases in younger adults continue, “doctors should be aware of the unique challenges in this patient population — such as the need for the preservation of fertility and sexual function, as well as the risk of long-term treatment effects because of their extended life expectancy.”

Cause of rising colorectal cancer rates in younger people unknown

The new report included data on colorectal cancer incidence and deaths from the National Cancer Institute and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, among others.

Based on an analysis of the data, researchers found colorectal cancer incidence among adults younger than 50 has been increasing since the mid-1990s.

From 2012 to 2016, incidence rates among that age group rose by 2.2% annually and included tumors found in both the colon and the rectum, the study found.

Among adults ages 50 to 64, researchers found that colorectal cancer incidence declined during the 2000s, then reversed course and rose by 1% annually between 2011 and 2016. Among adults ages 65 and older, the study found that a rapid decline in colorectal cancer incidence persisted during the 2000s and that rates fell by 3.3% annually from 2011 to 2016.

“Much of the decline in incidence in older aged adults is because of increased screening, but the cause for rising incidence in younger age groups is still unknown,” Siegel said.

“The obesity epidemic is probably contributing, but doesn’t seem to be the sole cause,” she said. “Diet has a large influence on colorectal cancer risk and there is a lot of research going on looking at how different things we consume, including drugs such as antibiotics, influence gut health, specifically their role in determining the microorganisms that make up our microbiome.”

‘This should be a wake-up call’

The review also revealed trends in colorectal cancer deaths and determined future projections for the disease. Except for several types of skin cancer, colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death among men and women in the United States.

The analysis found from 2008-2017 colorectal cancer death rates dropped by 3% annually in adults 65 and older and by 0.6% annually in adults ages 50 to 64 — but the rates jumped by 1.3% a year in adults younger than 50.

The report also found that “striking disparities” by race and geography persist, with mortality rates among Alaska Natives almost three times higher than those in whites and about double those in blacks.

As for incidence, during 2012 through 2016, rates ranged from 30 cases per 100,000 people among Asian/Pacific Islanders and 38.6 in whites to 45.7 in blacks and 89 in Alaska Natives, according to the data.

There were limitations in the research and scientists were unable to determine exactly why certain declines or increases in colorectal cancer occurred among various age groups.

Yet researchers were able to make some projections in future trends, predicting an estimated 53,200 colorectal cancer deaths in 2020 with an estimated 7%, or 3,640 deaths, in adults younger than 50.

The analysis also projected 147,950 newly diagnosed cases of colorectal cancer in the US this year with about 12%, or 17,930 cases, diagnosed in adults younger than 50.

The analysis may “build more consensus for beginning to screen before age 50,” Siegel said.

“In addition, this should be a wake-up call for clinicians to be better about timely follow-up of younger patients who present with symptoms” of colorectal cancer, she said.

In 2018, the American Cancer Society updated its colorectal cancer screening recommendations to include that adults start screening at age 45 instead of 50, as previously advised.

Other health organizations in the United States, such as the US Preventive Services Task Force, still recommend routine screening for colorectal cancer starting at age 50.

‘It’s actually expected to continue’

Overall, the new report reinforces that the rise in colorectal cancer among younger adults “is in fact real,” said Dr. Kimmie Ng, a medical oncologist and director of the Young-Onset Colorectal Cancer Center at Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center in Boston, who was not involved in the analysis.

“There does seem to be this very concerning steady rise in the incidence of colorectal cancer in younger individuals, which is not an isolated phenomenon. It’s actually expected to continue,” she said.

The Young-Onset Colorectal Cancer Center launched last year in response to the increase in colorectal cancer cases among younger adults. Some of the research at the center is focused on answering the questions about why this increase has occurred.

“It is honestly the question that keeps me up at night because it really right now is a mystery,” Ng said, adding that environmental factors and changes in gut health could be playing a role.

For now, Ng said that it is important for younger adults to be aware of this rise in colorectal cancer rates and to talk to their doctors if they have any questions or notice any concerning signs or symptoms of colorectal cancer.

“Some of the more common things that we see are blood in the stool,” she said about symptoms. “Other more nonspecific symptoms include abdominal pain, if there’s any change in the usual bowel habits, for example new constipation or new diarrhea.”