Kyoto Protocol Fast Facts

CNN Editorial Research

Here’s a look at the Kyoto Protocol, an agreement reached in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997, mandating that industrialized nations cut their greenhouse gas emissions.

Facts

192 parties have ratified the protocol (191 states and one regional economic integration organization). The United States has not; it dropped out in 2001.

The protocol mandated that 37 industrialized nations plus the European Community cut their greenhouse gas emissions. Developing nations were asked to voluntarily comply.

More than 100 developing countries, including China and India, were exempted from the treaty.

The treaty could not go into effect until at least 55 countries, accounting for 55% of the world’s emissions in 1990, ratified it.

The signatories agreed to cut their country’s emissions to 5% below 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012.

The treaty also established an international trading system, which allows countries to earn credits toward their emission target by investing in emission cleanups outside their own country.

According to the Global Carbon Atlas, the largest contributors of greenhouse gases in 2020 were China and the United States.

Timeline

December 1-11, 1997 – The Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is held in Kyoto, Japan. More than 150 nations attend and adopt the first international treaty on controlling and reducing greenhouse gases.

November 2, 1998 – In Buenos Aires 160 nations meet to work out details of the protocol and create the “Buenos Aires Plan of Action.”

July 23, 2001 – Negotiators from 178 countries meet in Bonn, Germany, and agree to adopt the protocol. The United States doesn’t participate.

November 10, 2001 – Representatives from 160 countries meet in Marrakech, Morocco, to further work out details of the protocol.

November 18, 2004 – The Russian Federation ratifies the protocol, giving new hope that it can be implemented, even without the United States.

February 16, 2005 – The Kyoto Protocol takes effect.

December 12, 2011 – Canada officially renounces the Kyoto Protocol. Environment Minister Peter Kent says Kyoto’s goals are unworkable because the United States and China never agreed to Kyoto, and that a new pact is needed to address emissions.

December 2012 – The Kyoto Protocol is extended to 2020 during a conference in Doha, Qatar.

June 23, 2013 – Afghanistan adopts the Kyoto Protocol, becoming the 192nd participant.

2015 – At the COP21 sustainable development summit, held in Paris, all UNFCCC participants sign the “Paris Agreement” effectively replacing the Kyoto Protocol. The parties agree to limit warming “well below” 2 degrees, and below 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels if feasible.

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